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Manipuri Literature in History
- A series by Thingnam Kishan Singh -
Part 1 :: Introduction
Part 2 :: Peculiar Keepers Of The Oral Tradition
Part 3 :: The First Note Of Realism
Part 4 :: The Epics Of The Seven Incarnations
Part 5 :: The Great Translation Enterprise
Part 6 :: The Triumvirate Usher In Modernity
Part 7 :: The Unsung Giant Of Manipuri Literature
Part 8 :: New Theme Song: Hegemony And Resistance
NOTES & REFERENCES
1. Similarity should be seen in terms of the fact that both were two new nation states engaged into the same path towards modernization.
2. Historical research provides evidence of the advent of the Manipuri script at the close of the 12th century.
3. Ch. Manihar Singh, "A History of Manipuri Literature", (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi), 1966, p. 12.
4. Anonymity was primarily because of a particular practice in the traditional social system where the place of individual agency was given least prominence as against the collective. The royal chronicle Cheitharol Kumbaba, for instance, does not highlight the authorship of the chroniclers. It is similar to the different Vyasas whose names do not figure in writing the Mahabharata.
5. There is also another list of nine incarnations. This is given below in sequence of their appearances 1) Henjunaha (hero) - Thongnang Lairoulembi (heroine); 2) Shamba Naha Lamnganba (hero) - Khamnu Yaidingkonu (heroine); 3) Wanglen Pungdinhanba (hero) - Chakpa Yainu Phishaheibi (heroine); 4) Nganba (hero) - Shangloulembi (heroine); 5) Khoyon haoba (hero) - Yaithing konu (heroine); 6) Akongjamba (hero) - Leima Phouoibi (Phoiding Nura Athoibi) (heroine); 7) Khamba (hero) - Thoibi (heroine); 8) Kadeng Thangjahanba (hero) - Tonu Laijinglembi (heroine); 9) Ura Nahakhongjomba (hero) - Pidongnu (heroine). See Sarangthem Bormani, 2003, "Moirang Shaiyon", (Imphal: Published by the author), 3rd edition, p. 4.
6. Singh, 1966, op. cit., pp. 105-06.
7. Soyam Chatradhari, Hijam Irabot, (Imphal: Soyam Publication), 1996.
8. Soyam Lokendrajit, 'Irabot Ki Seireng', Ritu, (Imphal: Manipur Sahitya Parishad), 1997, 9.
9. Hijam Irabot, Imagi Pujah, (Imphal: Irabot Leirak Phonba Lup), 1987. A revised and enlarged version of this collection has been published by Langol publications, Imphal in June 2005.
10. See Soyam Lokendrajit, op.cit. Also see E. Nilakanta, 'Irabot and social and cultural awakening in Manipur', Ningshing Chephong, 1996; Hemango Biswas, 'Irawat Singh: The Artist in Arms', Ningshing Chephong, 1996; L. Damodar, 'Irabot gi kavita: Anouba yening Hunbagi Lambida', Ritu, 1998.
11. Thokchom Ibohanbi, Seminar paper Manipurda houjiki Manipuri sahitya-wari macha, (Imphal: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad), 2005. Also see K. Hemchandra, Seminar paper Houjiki Manipuri sahityagi khongchat sheireng, (Imphal: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad), 2005.
12. Quoted in Singh, 1966. op. cit., p. 256.
13. K. Hemchandra, op. cit.
1. Similarity should be seen in terms of the fact that both were two new nation states engaged into the same path towards modernization.
2. Historical research provides evidence of the advent of the Manipuri script at the close of the 12th century.
3. Ch. Manihar Singh, "A History of Manipuri Literature", (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi), 1966, p. 12.
4. Anonymity was primarily because of a particular practice in the traditional social system where the place of individual agency was given least prominence as against the collective. The royal chronicle Cheitharol Kumbaba, for instance, does not highlight the authorship of the chroniclers. It is similar to the different Vyasas whose names do not figure in writing the Mahabharata.
5. There is also another list of nine incarnations. This is given below in sequence of their appearances 1) Henjunaha (hero) - Thongnang Lairoulembi (heroine); 2) Shamba Naha Lamnganba (hero) - Khamnu Yaidingkonu (heroine); 3) Wanglen Pungdinhanba (hero) - Chakpa Yainu Phishaheibi (heroine); 4) Nganba (hero) - Shangloulembi (heroine); 5) Khoyon haoba (hero) - Yaithing konu (heroine); 6) Akongjamba (hero) - Leima Phouoibi (Phoiding Nura Athoibi) (heroine); 7) Khamba (hero) - Thoibi (heroine); 8) Kadeng Thangjahanba (hero) - Tonu Laijinglembi (heroine); 9) Ura Nahakhongjomba (hero) - Pidongnu (heroine). See Sarangthem Bormani, 2003, "Moirang Shaiyon", (Imphal: Published by the author), 3rd edition, p. 4.
6. Singh, 1966, op. cit., pp. 105-06.
7. Soyam Chatradhari, Hijam Irabot, (Imphal: Soyam Publication), 1996.
8. Soyam Lokendrajit, 'Irabot Ki Seireng', Ritu, (Imphal: Manipur Sahitya Parishad), 1997, 9.
9. Hijam Irabot, Imagi Pujah, (Imphal: Irabot Leirak Phonba Lup), 1987. A revised and enlarged version of this collection has been published by Langol publications, Imphal in June 2005.
10. See Soyam Lokendrajit, op.cit. Also see E. Nilakanta, 'Irabot and social and cultural awakening in Manipur', Ningshing Chephong, 1996; Hemango Biswas, 'Irawat Singh: The Artist in Arms', Ningshing Chephong, 1996; L. Damodar, 'Irabot gi kavita: Anouba yening Hunbagi Lambida', Ritu, 1998.
11. Thokchom Ibohanbi, Seminar paper Manipurda houjiki Manipuri sahitya-wari macha, (Imphal: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad), 2005. Also see K. Hemchandra, Seminar paper Houjiki Manipuri sahityagi khongchat sheireng, (Imphal: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad), 2005.
12. Quoted in Singh, 1966. op. cit., p. 256.
13. K. Hemchandra, op. cit.
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